EasyBCD:   GRUB2 => type SysLinux or BSD (not!! GRUB2),   Linux => type SysLinux

                                           CSA:

SDA1

WINDOWS

 

PRI NTFS (70 GB) (C:)

SDA2

GRUB

 

PRI EXT3 (300–500 MB)

SDA3

(logical)

 

 

SDA4

(PCBSD64)

/

PRI (50GB) ada0s4
ZFS @ ada0s4a

SDA5

WINCHK

 

LOG NTFS (70 GB)

SDA6

UB32

/

LOG EXT3 (150 GB)

SDA7

UB64

/

LOG EXT3 (50 GB)

SDA8

CENTOS64

/

LOG EXT4 (50 GB)

 

SDB1

(nx)

 

SDB2

(logical)

ada1s2

SDB3

(nx)

 

SDB4

(nx)

 

SDB5

WINSWAP

LOG NTFS 20 GB (S:)

SDB6

WINCHKSWAP

LOG NTFS 20 GB

SDB7

UB32SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB8

UB64SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB9

CENTOS64SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB10

(PCBSD64AWAP)

LOG 30 GB (ada1s10b)



                                           CSB:

SDA1

WINDOWS

 

PRI NTFS (70 GB) (C:)

SDA2

GRUB

 

PRI EXT3 (300–500 MB)

SDA3

(logical)

 

 

SDA4

(PCBSD64)

/

PRI (50GB) ada0s4
UFS2 rootfs0 @ ada0s4a

SDA5

WINCHK

 

LOG NTFS (70 GB)

SDA6

UB32

/

LOG EXT3 (50 GB)

SDA7

UB64

/

LOG EXT3 (150 GB)

SDA8

FE64

/

LOG EXT4 (50 GB)

SDA9

CENTOS64

/

LOG EXT4 (50 GB)

SDA10

W2008R2

 

NTFS (100 GB)

 

SDB1

(nx)

 

SDB2

(logical)

ada1s2

SDB3

(nx)

 

SDB4

(nx)

 

SDB5

WINSWAP

LOG NTFS 20 GB (S:)

SDB6

WINCHKSWAP

LOG NTFS 20 GB

SDB7

UB32SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB8

UB64SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB9

FE64SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB10

CENTOS64SWAP

LOG Linux-Swap 30 GB

SDB11

(PCBSD64SWAP)

LOG 30 GB (ada1s11b)



SDC1

(MSFT Reserved)

 

128 MB

SDC2

VIRT

 

NTFS (300 GB)

 

 

Clonezilla: partclone


EasyBCD: SysLinux, redo after install (copies boot block to BCD)

If booting GRUB from Linux partition, use separate (BOOT, ROOT) partitions to avoid "blocklist" problem;
however this is not needed if master "GRUB" partition is used and GRUB loading is performed only from this partition,
whereas Linux partitions are actually used only for "grub.cfg" files and kernel files;  also chattr +i helps but watch out for backup/restore.

http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html
http://members.iinet.net/~herman546/p20/GRUB2%20Bash%20Commands.html

mke2fs  -b 2048  -j    -U `uuid`   -L  label  /dev/...
mount /dev/...  /mnt
mkdir /mnt/boot
grub-install --force  --boot-directory=/mnt/boot   --target=i386-pc   --recheck   /dev/...
chattr +i /mnt/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
grub-mkconfig  -o  /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg   (called by update-grub)
umount /mnt

 

Place in GRUB2's grub.cfg instead of the regular menu section (keep video etc. settings):

set timeout=-1
 
set default=0
 
echo prefix=$root
echo root=$prefix
 
insmod part_msdos
 
insmod ext2
 
insmod ntfs
insmod gzio
 
menuentry "UB32" {
        search --no-floppy  --set root  --label UB32
        set prefix=($root)/boot/grub
        #configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
        multiboot $prefix/i386-pc/core.img
}
 
menuentry "UB64" {
        search --no-floppy --set root  --label UB64
        set prefix=($root)/boot/grub
        #configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
        multiboot $prefix/i386-pc/core.img
}




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
menuentry "FreeBSD64" {

        search --no-floppy  --set root  --label FBSD64
        chainloader +1

}




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
menuentry "Windows" {
        search --no-floppy  --set root  --label WINDOWS
        chainloader +1
}
 
menuentry "This is GRUB2" {
        search --no-floppy --set root --label GRUB2
        set prefix=($root)/boot/grub
        configfile $prefix/grub.cfg
}
 

May want to re-make EasyBCD entry.
Use SysLinux or BSD for EasyBCD entry, not GRUB2 type. 

/etc/default/grub
/etc/grub.d/*
 
cd /etc/grub.d




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
chmod a-x 30_os-prober




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40_custom
#!/bin/sh -e
cat << EOF     or   exec   tail -n +3 $0   (and no EOF at end)
menuentry "...." {
      .....
}
 ....
EOF




 
 
 
 
 
 
 

make sector-by-sector backup of GRUB2 master partition

update-grub

Emergency boot options:

S => single
text (remove "quiet splash" or set splash=off)
vga=ask / normal / extended

Ctrl-Alt-F1 exits window manager

after login:   sudo  start  lightdm
                     startx
                     sudo  /etc/init.d/lightdm  start


Debug boot:

fbcon=scrollback:1024K
apt-get  install  linux-crashdump
crashkernel = …   (see separate cheat sheet)

 

 

/etc/default/grub (for update-grub):

# to use last saved entry

GRUB_DEFAULT="saved"

GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT="true"

 

# to use specific entry

GRUB_DEFAULT="Ubuntu"

GRUB_DEFAULT=0

 

# disable Xen override

XEN_OVERRIDE_GRUB_DEFAULT=0

 

When copying an image:

mkfs.ext3  -b 2048  -j    -U `uuid`   -L  label  /dev/...
restore image
fsck.ext3  -n  -C0  -f  /dev/…
tune2fs  -L label  device

mount /dev/…  /mnt

edit   /mnt/etc/fstab  (UUIDs for root and swap)
edit   /mnt/etc/hosts
edit   /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg  (root UUID)
edit   /mnt/etc/hostname

using live CD, perform grub-install:

It is desirable to use grub-install from the hard drive, rather than live CD:

 

mkdir /x

mount LABEL=...  /x

mount -o bind /dev /x/dev

mount -o bind /sys /x/sys

mount -o bind /proc /x/proc

chroot /x

 

    (if switched root, omit /mnt prefix below)


mv  /mnt/boot  /mnt/boot.0

mkdir /mnt/boot
grub-install --force  --boot-directory=/mnt/boot   --target=i386-pc   --recheck   /dev/...
chattr +i /mnt/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
cp  /mnt/boot.0/grub/grub.cfg   /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg
rm –rf  /mnt/boot.0
umount /mnt

 

refresh cached boot block in EasyBCD

 

service lightdm {stop, start, restart}

 

Ctrl-Alt-F1

 

apt-get update

apt-get upgrade

apt-get install procinfo
apt-get install gparted
apt-get install uuid
apt-get install dos2unix
apt-get install telnetd
apt-get install vsftpd
      edit /etc/vsftpd.conf:  local_enable=YES   write_enable=YES
      restart vsftpd

apt-get install  gcc  gdb
sync

reboot

 

Ubuntu 12.10 classic desktop

 

Ctrl-Alt-F1 or Ctrl-Alt-T
apt-get install gnome-desktop-environment
apt-get install gnome-shell

apt-get install gnome-session-fallback

apt-get install gnome-panel

apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-plugins

apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool  unity-tweak-tool

apt-get update

apt-get upgrade

sync

reboot

 

Log in as GNOME Fallback (Metacity)

 

ccsm

Window Management

Application Switcher = on

 

gnome-tweak-tool or (14.04 and on) unity-tweak-tool => adjust fonts

 

edit border width:  /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml


enable Ctrl-Alt-Backspace:
System Settings -> Keyboard Layout -> Options -> Key sequence to kill xserver

 

enable Ctrl-Alt-Del (also try Ctrl-Esc):
System -> Preferences -> Keyboard Shortcuts

Add: Task Manager, gnome-system-monitor

click "Disabled", then "Reassign"

 

apt-get install synaptic
apt-get install lubuntu-desktop  alien   dplg-dev  debhelper  build-essential
apt-get install kfind  xfe  krusader

 

/etc/init/lightdm.conf:   “sleep 7” before “exec lightdm”

 

Edit /usr/local/etc/sudoers

add at the very end :   sergey ALL=(ALL)  NOPASSWD: ALL

Labels, swap, partitions

 

e2label device [new-label]
tune2fs  -L label  -U `uuid'  device

blkid

ls -l /dev/disk/...

lsblk --topology --fs --all

blockdev ...

hdparm  -ig  /dev/sd<x>

dmsetup          info

    ls  [--tree]

    table

    targets

/etc/fstab     UUID=...   LABEL=...

swapon -s

swapoff /dev/sdb8

mkswap  -L  UB64SWAP   -U  ....  /dev/sdb8

swapon /dev/sdb8

swaplabel  [-L ...]  [-U ...]   /dev/sdb8

parted ; gparted ; fdisk -l ; sfdisk ; cfdisk;  sgdisk

mount -o remount,rw  /dev/sda7    or    mount -o remount,rw  /path
findfs LABEL=...   or   findfs UUID=....

findmnt [-l]  (shows mounts)

 

Sysinfo

 

uname -a
uname -r
sysctl -a

/proc/...

lscpu, lspci, lsusb, lsdev

PCI browser/commander: MindShare Arbor  (https://www.mindshare.com/Software/Arbor)
lsof    (lists open files)
fuser -m -v -a /mount-path  (list files open on a mount point)

lsmod  (currently loaded modules)

modprobe -l  (available modules)

insmod xxx

rmmod xxx

modinfo  [-k kernel]  [modulename | filename]

service --status-all

systool

powertop

arp-scan ...
lsscsi

lsscsi -s

lsscsi -dg

lsscsi -c

lsscsi -Lvl

 

 

(not UB:)  kernelcfg
(not UB:)  chkconfig --list

(not UB:)  /etc/rc.d/initd/xxxxx  restart


Console

 

reset  (reset font and everything)

clear  (clear screen)

TERM=linux

Ctrl-L  (redraw screen)

Shift-PgUp  (scroll up)


Logs

 

dmesg
gnome-system-log

/var/log/...

 

Help

apropos

whatis


Misc

 

rsync  -a  src  dst

cp  -r  src  dst

who; w

top

free  -hl

date; hwclock

df -h /    ;    du -h

mc; xwc; konqueror; nautilus

nano

kwrite; gxedit; nedit

strace <cmd>                                           // trace syscalls
ltrace <cmd>                                            // trace DSO calls
bootchart  (bootchart.org)

tree

 

Remote copy

 

rsync  -av  host:/srcpath  dst

 

receiver:               netcat  -l   4444   |  tar xvf -

sender:                 tar xvf - {dirs}  |  netcat  receiver-host  4444

 

File search

find /path  -name "*abc*"

locate  filename ; updatedb

kfind


Wine

add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
apt-get install wine1.5    (EULA:  TAB/ENTER)
Alt-F2  winecfg
Alt-F2  regedit
wine  c:\\Program\ Files\\Starbase\\CodeWright\\cw32.exe

 

Alt-SysRq   (hold Alt, press SysRq, press key)      sysctl kernel.sysrq=1

 

s = sync

u = remount all file systems as read-only

r = turn off keyboard raw mode

b = reboot immediately without sync-ing and unmounting disks

t = dump a list of tasks

p = dump registers

m = dump memory

0-9 = set console log level

h = helps

k = kill all processes (incl. X) on current virtual console, secure login

e = send TERM signal to all processes except init

l = send KILL signal to all processes except init

 

After installing DLLs

ldconfig  (rebuild ld bindings and cache)
ldd  x.so  (display list of dependencies)

Sensors

apt-get install lm-sensors
sensors-select  (answer all "yes")
service  module-init-tools  restart
sensors
man  sensors.conf    (also: /etc/sensors.conf)

xsensors

apt-get install ksensors
ksensors

apt-get  sensors-applet
"Add to panel..."

Disk images:

dd  bs=512  if=/dev/zero  of=xxx.img  count=2048
dd  bs=1M if=/dev/zero  of=xxx.img  count=2048
(can also create sparse file with  skip=2047  count=1

mount:    losetup  [-r]  [-f  or  /dev/loopX]  xxx.img

list:           losetup  -a

mkfs –t  ext3  /dev/loop0
mount  /dev/loop0  /mnt
umount /mnt

delete:   losetup  -d  /dev/loop0

Image CD/DVD to ISO:

brasero  (GUI)

isoinfo  -d  -i  /dev/cdrom   | grep size
dd  if=/dev/cdrom  of=xxx.iso  bs=<block size from isoinfo>

Installing (old) Fedora / CentOS

mke2fs  -t  ext4  -j  -L label  /dev/...
after install: change label, update grub, swapon, fstab
yum update
(CentOS only:)  add EPEL repository  (dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel)
                            rpm  -Uvh  http://.../epel*
                            yum repolist
yum install yumex
yum install procinfo
yum install gparted
yum install uuid
yum install dos2unix
(Fedora only:)  install Cinnamon and re-login with session=Cinnamon 
add shortcuts for Terminal and gnome-system-monitor
configure fonts
configure Terminal

yum install telnet telnet-server
chkconfig telnet on
(Fedora:)  systemctl start xinitd.service
(Fedora:)  systemctl enable xinitd.service
(CentOS:)  service  xinitd  start

setsebool  -P  ftp_home_dir  on
(CentOS:)  service  vsftpd  start

Installing Fedora Server 22:

Fedora documentation: docs root, SysAdm Guide (PDF)

 

To enable copy/paste in KVM:

Display VNC -> Type = Spice

Video = QXL

Clock offset = localtime (?)

reboot

 

run the installer

select partition for mount point /

and for the swap

 

hostnamectl set-hostname name

 

// export http_proxy=...

// export https_proxy=...

dnf groupinstall gnome

 

dnf groupinstall 'Gnome Desktop'           // may not exist, then ...

dnf groupinstall 'Fedora Workstation'    // ... install this one

 

// to verify the installation: try startx

 

dnf upgrade

 

systemctl set-default graphical.target

(default is multi-user.target)

 

before reboot:

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

on UEFI:

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

 

sync; sync; sync!

 

GRUB2 troubleshooting: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/GRUB_2

 

if grub boot fails, boot from CD

mkdir /x

mount LABEL=...  /x

mount -o bind /dev /x/dev

mount -o bind /sys /x/sys

mount -o bind /proc /x/proc

chroot /x

grub2-mkconfig -o ...

 

reboot, login

when logging in, select "Gnome classic"

 

system settings -> Details, change host name

system settings -> keyboard, define shortcut: C-A-T => gnome-terminal

 

dnf install -y procinfo gparted uuid dos2unix

dnf install -y gcc gdb filezilla meld xfe krusader

dnf install -y hdparm sysfsutils powertop strace ltrace

 

systemctl enable sshd.service

systemctl start sshd.service

 

dnf install -y telnet-server

systemctl enable telnet.socket

systemctl start telnet.socket

 

dnf install -y vsftpd

review /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf:  local_enable=YES   write_enable=YES

setsebool -P ftp_home_dir 1                                       # enable home dir access

setsebool -P ftpd_full_access 1               # enable full ftp access

systemctl enable vsftpd.service

systemctl start vsftpd.service

 

dnf install -y system-config-firewall

system-config-firewall

OR:     

systemctl stop firewalld.service     

systemctl disable firewalld.service

     

dnf install -y gnome-tweak-tool

gnome-tweak-tool => select font sizes

 

edit /etc/sudoers:

add at the very end :   sergey ALL=(ALL)  NOPASSWD: ALL

   

Optionally install Cinnamon desktop:

 

dnf install -y cinnamon cinnamon-desktop

reboot

login with "Cinnamon" GUI target

change terminal color profile

to add applications to the panel, right-click on the application

 

cockpit:  localhost:9090

 

systemctl show

      status                             [xxx.service]  // or pattern

      list-units                        [xxx.service]  // or pattern

      list-unit-files                  [xxx.service]  // or pattern

      list-sockets

      enable/disable              <xxx.service>

      stop/start/restart          <xxx.service>

     

                           Unit control files are located under /usr/lib/systemd/...   

dnf install -y  system-config-nfs  system-config-audit   system-config-httpd  system-config-users  system-config-users-docs
dnf install -y  system-config-network  system-config-services  system-config-services-docs gnome-system-log
dnf install -y  system-config-lvm   // no longer in RHEL 7

system-config-nfs

              audit

              httpd

              users

              network

              services

              lvm           // no longer in RHEL7

 

gnome-system-log            // do not sudo! => also largely replaced by journalctl

 

Installing openSUSE

if installing under KVM -> use UTC time setting for KVM (?)

 

during install:

·         run custom paritioner

·         select "Add online repositories" (all)

·         select GNOME

 

control panel -> tweak tool -> tweak fonts

control panel -> keyboard -> create shortcut for gnome-terminal

 

define network proxy:

sudo -E gedit /etc/sysconfig/proxy

 

systemctl start NetworkManager

systemctl enable NetworkManager

 

zypper repos --uri

zypper refresh

zypper update

sync; reboot

 

// zypper search <keyword>

// zypper info <pkg>

 

zypper install -y gnome-shell-classic

zypper install -y nano mlocate gparted telnet-server vsftpd

zypper install -y gcc gcc-c++ make automake autoconf git

zypper install -y sysfsutils powertop tree

zypper install -y krusader sensors meld filezilla

 

http://software.opensuse.org/package/xfe

http://software.opensuse.org/package/arp-scan

http://software.opensuse.org/package/ltrace

 

control panel -> YAST

or from command line: sudo -E yast2 &

 

set hostname

nano /etc/HOSTNAME

hostname <name>

or use YAST -> NetworkDevices / NetworkSettings -> Hostname/DNS

 

systemctl start xinetd.service

systemctl enable xinetd.service

(or use YAST -> Services Manager)

 

YAST -> Network Services (xinetd)

enable telnet

enable/edit vnc1, vnc2, vnc3

optionally enable telnet port (23) in YAST -> Firewall

 

edit /etc/vsftpd.conf:

local_enable=YES   write_enable=YES

if root ftp is needed, edit /etc/ftpusers and comment out root

systemctl restart vsftpd.service

systemctl enable vsftpd.service

YAST -> Firewall -> enable vsftpd

 

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

 

Documentation:

            SLES:                        https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles-12

            openSUSE:               https://activedoc.opensuse.org
            systemctl:                https://activedoc.opensuse.org/book/opensuse-reference/chapter-8-the-systemd-daemon


NVidia custom driver

disable custom startup-time compilers such as /opt/hp/nvconfig

 

in /etc/modprobe.d/nvidia-graphics-drivers.conf or /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf:

blacklist nouveau

 

/etc/sysconfig/kernel

change NO_KMS_IN_INITRD = "yes"

 

make sure gcc --version matches gcc version to used build kernel (/proc/version)

 

./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-331.20.run -K -k 3.12-(id)

 

mkinitrd

 

nvidia-settings

nvidia-xconfig

 

nomdeset

modeset.nouveau=0

 

S.M.A.R.T.

 

# Ubuntu

apt-get  install  smartmontools  gsmartcontrol

 

# Fedora

dnf install -y smartmontools  gsmartcontrol

 

# openSUSE
zypper install -y smartmontools

http://software.opensuse.org/package/gsmartcontrol

 

smartctl  -a  /dev/sda

gsmartcontrol

 

auto tools (from configure.ac)

 

aclocal

autoconf

autoheader

automake  –a

./configure  --prefix=/usr

make

 

LVM

RHEL documentation

apt-get install lvm2 system-storage-manager                                # Ubuntu
dnf -y install lvm2 system-storage-manager                                  # Fedora

Create:

fdisk /dev/sdb  => n, p, 1, ... w, p, q

pvcreate  /dev/sdb1
vgcreate  -v  vg1  /dev/sdb1 ...

# create /dev/vg1/lv1
lvcreate -v [-vv]  --extents 100%FREE  -n  lv1  vg1
lgcreate -v [-vv]  --size 10G  -n  lv1  vg1

Destroy:

lvremove vg1/lv1
vgremove vg1

View/Info:

pvscan
pvdispaly
pvs

vgscan
vgdisplay
vgs

lvscan
lvdisplay
lvs

lvmdiskscan

/etc/lvm/lvm.conf

system-config-lvm

pvs --rows --separator '    ' -o pv_all
pvs --rows --separator '    ' -o seg_all

vgs --rows --separator '    ' -o vg_all

lvs  --rows --separator '    ' -o lv_all
lvs  --rows --separator '    ' -o pvseg_all
lvs -a -o name,devices
lvs -a -o +devices
lvs -a --segments -o +seg_pe_ranges

ssm list

dmsetup ls --tree
dmsetup info
dmsetup table
dmsetup deps

lvm dumpconfig

Add disk to vg

fisk /dev/sdc
vgextend vg1 /dev/sdc1

Convert logical volume to mirrored one

lvconvert -m 1 vg1/lv1
lvs -o name.copy_percent,devices

Snapshot

lvcreate  --snapshot  --name snap1  vg1/lv1
ssm snapshot ...

Resize

lvextend  --size 2G  vg1/lv1
lvreduce  --size 2G  vg1/lv1
ssm resize ...

SSM

ssm list
ssm resize ...
ssm snapshot ...
ssm remove...

ssm create ...
ssm remove ...
ssm add ...

 

NFS

 

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/server.html

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/client.html

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/performance.html

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/security.html

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/troubleshooting.html

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/interop.html

 

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NFSv4Howto

http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/nfsv4/linux/using-nfsv4.html

 

RHEL7 documentation (ch. 8)

 

NFS server


sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server

 

Ubuntu:            update-rc.d nfs-kernel-server 

SuSE/RH:         checkconfig nfs-kernel-server on

Fedora:            systemctl start/enable  nfs-server.service  nfs  rpcbind (replaces portmap)

 

service  nfs-kernel-server  restart

optionally:    modprobe nfs

optionally:    service idmapd restart

 

optionally edit /etc/default/nfs-common

 

# if not YES mounts may be slow

NEED_GSSD=yes

 

edit /etc/hosts.deny  (see man 5 hosts_access):

 

portmap lockd mountd rquotad statd : ALL

 

(or use ALL EXCEPT LOCAL)

 

edit /etc/hosts.allow

 

portmap lockd mountd rquotad statd : 192.168.

 

(or LOCAL)

 (or .mydomain.com)

 (or 192.168.21.0/255.255.255.0)

 (or csa,csb)

 

edit /etc/exports (see man 5 exports):

 

path1 dest(opts) dest(opts) ...

path2 dest(opts) dest(opts) ...

path3 opts12 dest1 dest2 dest3(opts3)

 

for example:

 

/my1  csa(rw) csb(ro)

/my2  csa(rw,no_root_squash) csb(ro,all_squash,anonuid=100,anongid=100)

/my3  proj*.local.domain(rw)

/my4  *.local.domain(ro) @trusted(rw)

/pub  *(ro,insecure,all_squash)

/my5  rw csx @trusted @external(ro)

/my6  192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(ro)

 

Ubuntu:            service nfs-kernel-server restart         (required for /etc/hosts.* changes, also reloads from /etc/exports)
Fedora:            systemctl  restat  nfs.servvice

    and/or

exportfs -rav  (ok for /etc/exports)

 

 

this must start services

 

rpc.portmap

rpc.mountd

rpc.nfsd

rpc.statd

rpc.lockd (if necessary)

rpc.rquotad

 

Diagnostics:

 

rpcinfo -p

 

showmount --exports <host>

showmount --all

showmount --directories

 

nfswatch

 

Can also use "mount --bind" to give local directories fixed names

 

mkdir /myexports

mkdir /myexports/aaa

mkdir /myexports/bbb

mount --bind /somepath1/xaaa /myexports/aaa

mount --bind /somepath2/xbbb /myexports/aaa

exportfs -ofsid=0,insecure,no_subtree_check *:/myexports/aaa

exportfs -orw,nohide,insecure,no_subtree_check *:/myexports/bbb

 

to make it permanent, edit /etc/fstab:

 

/somepath1/xaaa    /myexports/aaa   none    bind  0  0

/somepath2/xbbb    /myexports/bbb   none    bind  0  0

 

Fedora:

 

dnf install -y system-config-nfs
system-config-nfs

https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Administration_Guide_Draft/NFS

 

NFS client

 

sudo apt-get install nfs-common

 

mkdir /mnt/nfs

mount -t nfs[4] myserver:/my2 /mnt/nfs

 

add to /etc/fstab:

 

# device             mountpoint  fs-type    options                   dump fsckord

...

master.foo.com:/home  /mnt/home   nfs      rw,hard,intr,nosuid,_netdev  0     0

...

 

or use automount

 

for some severs, incl. Fedora, explicitly request -o v3 (NFS3)

 

NFS client automount

 

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs
RHEL7 documentation (ch 8.4)

 

apt-get install autofs

 

Edit /etc/auto.master:

 

/aaa   /etc/auto.aaa --timeout 60

/bbb   /etc/auto.bbb --timeout 60

 

Edit /etc/auto.aaa:

 

 zzzz  -rw,soft,intr,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 myhost.mydomain.net:/mydata

 

/aaa must be empty

creates /aaa/zzzz and mounts on it

 

Ubuntu:  update-rc.d autofs

SuSE/RH: checkconfig autofs on

 

service autofs start

service autofs reload

 

IPTABLES:

 

iptables -L -v -n --line-numbers

iptables --flush

 

watch -d -n 2 iptables -nvL

 

https://web.archive.org/web/20150803021858/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Netfilter-packet-flow.svg

 

http://ipset.netfilter.org/iptables.man.html

 

http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-iptables-examples.html

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IptablesHowTo

 

https://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/iptables-tutorial.html

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables

 

 

AppArmor:

 

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppArmor

 

# disable apparmor

sudo invoke-rc.d apparmor kill  [or stop]

sudo update-rc.d -f apparmor remove

 

# enable apparmor

sudo invoke-rc.d apparmor start

sudo update-rc.d apparmor start 37 S .

 

# reload all profiles

sudo invoke-rc.d apparmor reload

 

/etc/apparmor.d/...

/var/log/libvirt/...

/var/run/livirt/...

/var/lib/libvirt/...

 

 


Multi-homed Linux machines routing, simple:

 

·         Use NetworkManager for secondary interfaces, specify:

o    address = manual (static)

o    no gateway

o    DNS (optional)

o    use this connection only for resources on this network = yes

·         for the primary, specify:

o    address = manual (static)

o    no gateway

o    DNS

·         execute manually:  ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

·         check everything works

·         make default gateway setting persistent:


https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/NetworkManager/SystemSettings

 

create /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/10-route

 

#!/bin/bash

 

#echo "myroute: $1 $2" > /dev/kmsg

 

if [ "$1" == "eth2" ] && [ "$2" == "up" ]

then

    ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

fi

 

owner = root, no suid

chmod  a+x  10-route

 

Multi-homed Linux machines routing, more complex:

 

http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html

http://www.policyrouting.org/PolicyRoutingBook/ONLINE/TOC.html

http://www.slideshare.net/azilian/multi-homed-router

http://www.compendium.com.ar/policy-routing.txt

http://lartc.org/lartc.html
http://linux-ip.net/html/linux-ip.html

 

example: KVM machine connected to two libvirt routed networks: 192.168.4.x and 192.168.5.x

 

    VM-side interfaces: 192.168.4.30, 192.168.5.30
    host-side interfaces: 192.168.4.1, 192.168.5.1

 

make sure  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward  is 1

 

add to /etc/iproute2/rt_tables

 

# numbers (24, 25) can be any unused

24  rt4

25  rt5

 

execute:

 

ip route add 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

ip route add default via 192.168.4.1 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

 

ip rule add from 192.168.4.30 table rt4

ip rule add to 192.168.4.0/24 table rt4

 

ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

ip route add default via 192.168.5.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

 

ip rule add from 192.168.5.30 table rt5

ip rule add to 192.168.5.0/24 table rt5

 

  # ip route flush cache

 

to verify:

 

ip route show table rt4

ip route show table rt5

ip rule

 

on external machines (or main router) add

 

# assuming vm host (or other router) is 192.168.1.102

ip route add 192.168.4.0/24 via 192.168.1.102 [dev em0]

ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.1.102 [dev em0]

 

verify that both 192.168.4.30 and 192.168.5.30 can be pinged and accessed

 

to persist in RHEL version of NetworkManager:

 

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0

 

192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

default via 192.168.4.1 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/rule-eth0

from 192.168.4.30 table rt4

to 192.168.4.0/24 table rt4

 

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth1

 

192.168.5.0/24 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

default via 192.168.5.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

 

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/rule-eth1

 

from 192.168.5.30 table rt5

to 192.168.5.0/24 table rt5

 

to persist in SUSE version of NetworkManager:

 

https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/NetworkManager/SystemSettings

 

create /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/10-route

 

#!/bin/bash

 

#echo "myroute: $1 $2" > /dev/kmsg

 

if [ "$1" == "eth0" ] && [ "$2" == "up" ]

then

    ip route add 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

    ip route add default via 192.168.4.1 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

 

    ip rule add from 192.168.4.30 table rt4

    ip rule add to 192.168.4.0/24 table rt4

fi

 

if [ "$1" == "eth0" ] && [ "$2" == "down" ]

then

    ip route delete 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

    ip route delete default via 192.168.4.1 dev eth0 src 192.168.4.30 table rt4

 

    ip rule delete from 192.168.4.30 table rt4

    ip rule delete to 192.168.4.0/24 table rt4

fi

 

if [ "$1" == "eth1" ] && [ "$2" == "up" ]

then

    ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

    ip route add default via 192.168.5.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

 

    ip rule add from 192.168.5.30 table rt5

    ip rule add to 192.168.5.0/24 table rt5

fi

 

if [ "$1" == "eth1" ] && [ "$2" == "down" ]

then

    ip route delete 192.168.5.0/24 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

    ip route delete default via 192.168.5.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.5.30 table rt5

 

    ip rule delete from 192.168.5.30 table rt5

    ip rule delete to 192.168.5.0/24 table rt5

fi

if [ "$1" == "eth2" ] && [ "$2" == "up" ]

then

    ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

fi

 

owner = root, no suid

chmod  a+x  10-route

 

 

FreeBSD multi-homed routing (e.g. FreeNAS):

 

https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/reading-currently-running-kernel-configuration.2602

http://www.opennet.ru/base/net/bsd_pbr_route.txt.html

 

https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfw%288%29

https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html

 

to check kernel options, sysctl kern.conftxt

 

Assuming dual-homed FreeNAS (or other FreeBSD system)

 

execute ipfw list and check that rule number range used below (10-24) is available

 

execute:

 

ipfw 10 add skipto 25 ip from 192.168.4.10 to 192.168.4.10

ipfw 11 add fwd 192.168.4.1 ip from 192.168.4.10 to 192.168.4.0/24

ipfw 12 add fwd 192.168.4.1 ip from 192.168.4.10 to any

 

ipfw 13 add skipto 25 ip from any to 192.168.4.10

ipfw 14 add fwd 192.168.4.1 ip from any to 192.168.4.0/24

 

ipfw 20 add skipto 25 ip from 192.168.5.10 to 192.168.5.10

ipfw 21 add fwd 192.168.5.1 ip from 192.168.5.10 to 192.168.5.0/24

ipfw 22 add fwd 192.168.5.1 ip from 192.168.5.10 to any

 

ipfw 23 add skipto 25 ip from any to 192.168.5.10

ipfw 24 add fwd 192.168.5.1 ip from any to 192.168.5.0/24

 

to verify:

 

ipfw list

 

to abort:

 

ipfw flush

 

on external machines (or main router) add

 

# assuming vm host (or other router) is 192.168.1.102

ip route add 192.168.4.0/24 via 192.168.1.102 [dev em0]

ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.1.102 [dev em0]

 

verify that both 192.168.4.10 and 192.168.5.10 can be pinged and accessed

 

                    add executed command as as init script

                    http://doc.freenas.org/9.3/freenas_tasks.html#init-shutdown-scripts

FreeNAS GUI: Tasks -> Init/Shutdown Scripts

 

Windows multi-homed routing:

 

·         Assign static addresses to interfaces

o    Do not specify default gateway in adapter/interface definitions

·         Add default route manually:

route -p add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 metric 500

or allow RIP to manage it


Kernel build

 

Tools

 

Ubuntu:

apt-get install kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot wget bzip2
apt-get install gtk+2.0  libglib2.0  libglade2.0  libglade2-dev  qt4-dev-tools
apt-get install crash  kdump-tools  kexec-tools  (Ubuntu)

 

Fedora:

dnf install -y ncurses-devel gtk2-devel glib2 libglade2 libglade2-devel

dnf install -y qt3-devel qt4-devel libXi-devel gcc-c++

dnf install -y fedpkg fedora-packager rpmdevtools

dnf install -y crash kexec-tools

 

openSUSE:

 

zypper install -y -t pattern devel_kernel

zypper install -y gcc-c++ glib2 libglade-2_0-0 libglade2-devel

zypper install -y qt3-devel libXi-devel

zypper install -y -t pattern devel_qt4

zypper install -y crash kexec-tools

 

Copy existing config file

 

/proc/config

/proc/config.gz

/boot/config-xxx

 

cd  /usr/src/linux-2.4.7-10

mv  .config  .config.save

copy  …..   .config

make  oldconfig   or  silentoldconfig   (prompts user about missing options)

 

Build

 

make clean          (optional: deletes most generated files, but leaves enough to build external modules)
make mrproper  (delete the current configuration and all generated files)
make xconfig    or   make gconfig       (or:  make menuconfig   or   make config)

        xconfig  –  X windows based

        gconfig  –  gtk+ based

        menuconfig  –  ncurses based

        config    –  text based, line by line

        defconfig    –  use defaults for target architecture

 

        make sure BLK_DEV_INITRD = Y


to rename kernel, edit Makefile to change

        VERSION = 2

        PATCHLEVEL = 4

        SUBLEVEL = 7

        EXTRAVERSION = -10custom   (-0-my)
instead of EXTRAVERSION can use CONFIG_LOCALVERSION
make kernelrelease

 

make dep
nohup make  -j8  bzImage
tail –f nohup.out


in parallel, in another terminal window:

nohup make -j8  modules  1>modules.out  2>modules.err

wait for completion and review logs:

less  nohup.out

less modules.out

less modules.err

 

If build was successful, install

 

make modules_install

cp   arch/{i386 or x86_64}/boot/bzImage   /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.7-10custom

cp .config  /boot/config-2.4.7-10custom

cp   System.map   /boot/System.map-2.4.7-10custom


Ubuntu:                                                 mkinitramfs -o (mkinitrd)   /boot/initrd.img -2.4.7-10custom   2.4.7-10custom

Fedora/RHEL/SUSE:                        dracut --force /boot/initramfs-2.4.7-10custom.img  2.4.7-10custom

note: dracut can complain about "missing" modules that are actually built into the kernel

 

Update GRUB:

 

Manual:

edit /boot/grub/grub.conf
(or whatever is the path)

Ubuntu:

update-grub

Fedora MBR:
openSUSE MBR

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

(same)

Fedora UEFI:

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

openSUSE UEFI

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/opensuse/grub.cfg


Building single module:

 

cp  Makefile  Makefile.my

edit Makefile.m

#SUBDIRS                     =kernel drivers mm fs net ipc lib abi crypto

SUBDIRS                                                       =fs/autofs

make  –f  Makefile.my  modules
make  –f  Makefile.my  modules_install


Make documentation:

scripts/kernel-doc  -html  kernel/rcu/tree.c            >q1.html
scripts/kernel-doc  -html  include/linux/rcutiny.h   >q2.html